Study of timing and spectral properties of the X-ray pulsar 1A 0535 + 262 during the giant outburst in 2020 November–December

Abstract

We made a detailed study of the timing and spectral properties of the X-ray pulsar 1A 0535 + 262 during the recent giant outburst in 2020 No v ember and December. The flux of the pulsar reached a record value of ∼12.5 Crab as observed by Swift /BAT (15–50 keV) and the corresponding mass accretion rate was ∼6.67 ×10 17 g s −1 near the peak of the outburst. There was a transition from the subcritical to the supercritical accretion regime which allows exploring different properties of the source in the supercritical regime. A q-like feature was detected in the hardness–intensity diagram during the outburst. We observed high variability and strong energy dependence of pulse profiles during the outburst. Cyclotron Resonant Scattering Feature (CRSF) was detected at ∼44 keV from the NuSTAR energy spectrum in the subcritical regime and the corresponding magnetic field was B _ 4.9 ×10 12 G. The energy of the CRSF was shifted towards lower energy in the supercritical regime. The luminosity dependence of the CRSF was studied and during the supercritical regime, a negative correlation was observed between the line energy and luminosity. The critical luminosity was ∼6 ×10 37 erg s −1 abo v e which a state transition occurred. A reversal of correlation between the photon index and luminosity was observed near the critical luminosity. The NuSTAR spectra can be described by a composite model with two continuum components, a blackbody emission, cut-of f po wer law, and a discrete component to account for the iron emission line at 6.4 keV. An additional cyclotron absorption feature was included in the model.