https://mcc-idr.l2c2academy.co.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/873 2026-05-01T22:55:18Z https://mcc-idr.l2c2academy.co.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/893 Anti-Obesity and Anti-Gastric Ulcer Activity of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacterium Isolated from Traditional Fermented Foods. Das, Tridip Kumar Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have garnered significant attention for their remarkable probiotic potential, which plays a vital role in promoting gut health and enhancing overall well-being. Beneficial microorganisms, particularly LAB, are primarily present in traditional fermented foods, which represent a rich source of diverse strains of LAB. Each strain possesses distinct functional properties that can positively influence human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-obesity and anti-gastric ulcer activity of probiotic lactic acid bacterium isolated from traditional fermented foods. Considering this, a comprehensive isolation process was conducted, resulting in the isolation of 12 distinct lactic acid bacterial colonies from a variety of fermented products, including idli batter, dosa batter, and haria (a rice-based fermented beverage). The standard plate method was employed for LAB isolation using Rogosa SL agar media (supplemented with 0.132% acetic acid). The morphological analysis confirmed that all strains were rod-shaped, Gram-positive, non-motile, and non-spore-forming. The negative test for Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate utilization confirmed their reliance on carbohydrate fermentation. The enzymatic analysis revealed that the isolates might exhibit significant α-amylase, glucoamylase, and protease activity. Further in vitro probiotic characterization of the isolated LAB was conducted. Based on the cumulative probiotic score, we selected the E2_MCCKT strain for further investigation. After 120 min of incubation, the E2_MCCKT strain exhibited the highest survivability at different pH levels. The survival rate of the E2_MCCKT strain was 98.4% at pH 2, 99.3% at pH 3, and 100% at pH 6.8, which was statistically nonsignificant. Similarly, the E2_MCCKT strain demonstrated significant resistance to bile salts and could endure 0.3% and 2% bile salt concentrations for 120 min. The survival rate of the strain was 98.8% in 0.3% bile and 97.69% in 2% bile salt after 120 min of incubation. Concurrently, the E2_MCCKT strain exhibited moderate autoaggregation ability (52.52%) and surface hydrophobicity (38.08%), which was higher in comparison to other isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the bacterium had intermediate sensitivity to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. The bacterium was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum E2_MCCKT through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. E2_MCCKT exhibited non-haemolytic activity, making it a safe candidate for probiotic applications. Subsequently, E2_MCCKT was tested on obese mice to demonstrate its potential anti-obesity effects. The initial body weight for all male albino mice was 15.39±0.19g, and they were acclimated for 10 days in standard conditions (32±2°C and 50% humidity) with a 12-hour light/dark cycle. The mice were provided with regular food and free access to water. Mice were randomly selected and divided into three groups (n=5) based on the food and treatment. The first group, known as the normal diet (ND), was fed a meal consisting of foods with a ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat (64.2:22.3:13.5). The second group was the high-fat diet (HFD), which received lab-made food with a ratio of carbohydrates, protein, and fat (38.9:22.2:38.9). The high-fat treatment group (HFT) was the final group; it received a highfat diet for 8 weeks and probiotic Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT (109 CFU/ml) for the final 4 weeks. The HFT group received treatment for the probiotic bacteria four weeks following the onset of obesity. The final average body weight and BMI were found to be high in HFD mice after the eightweek investigation period. Furthermore, the HFD group had the greatest levels of total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL when compared to the other groups. In contrast, the Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT treatment was able to reduce these parameters drastically, and the results were comparable to those of the ND group. The HFD group had higher SGOT and SGPT levels, which may be a sign of harm to the liver cells or fat buildup and adipocyte proliferation. The bacterial therapy increased mRNA levels of lipolytic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, potentially leading to higher expression of fatty acid oxidation genes like acyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase- 1. Alongside, the down-regulation of the genes for sterol-regulatory elementbinding protein-1c (2.23-fold), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (2.54-fold), and fatty acid synthase (1.61-fold) represented the simultaneous stoppage of both adipocytogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. E2_MCCKT significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [IL-1Ra (1.19-fold) and TNF-α (2.26-fold)] while increasing IL-10 (1.07-fold) in the protein expression investigation. Moreover, the gastroprotective effects of Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT was investigated using a cold-induced gastric ulcer mice model. Gastric ulcer is a chronic gastrointestinal illness characterized by a significant disruption in the mucosal barrier. The adult male mice (28.4±1.62 g) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10): normal (N) group, positive control (PC) group, and Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT treatment (T) group. The oral supplementation of the Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT strain (109 cells daily with a standard diet) significantly reduced cold-induced gastric erosion in the stomach mucosa after 30 days. The histopathological study clearly showed that probiotic Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT strain could protect the stomach epithelial cells from cold injury. Moreover, Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT strain might regulate relative mRNA expressions corresponding to gastric inflammation, such as up-regulation of IL-10 (2.31-fold) and down-regulation of IFN-γ (2.17-fold), IFN-λ (10.05±0.03-fold), and IL- 12 (1.31-fold). In the context of protein expression study, Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT significantly increased IL-10 (1.06-fold) and PPAR-α (1.13-fold) expression while decreasing inflammatory cytokines [IL-6 (1.18-fold), and PPAR-γ (1.11-fold)] expression compared to PC group, which indicated the anti-inflammatory activity of the strain during cold-induced gastric ulcer. In conclusion, this study highlighted the promising probiotic potential of Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT, in combating obesity and gastric ulcers. In vitro analysis showed strong survival in acidic and bile salt conditions and beneficial autoaggregation and hydrophobicity properties. In vivo studies in obese mice indicated that Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT reduced weight gain, improved lipid metabolism, and lowered inflammation by modulating relevant transcription factors and inflammatory markers. A gastric ulcer model also demonstrated significant protection by reducing gastric erosion and inflammation. Hence, the probiotic Lp. plantarum E2_MCCKT might be an alternative therapeutic agent for obesity and cold-induced gastric ulcer management. 2026-03-24T00:00:00Z https://mcc-idr.l2c2academy.co.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/892 Establishment of Anti-Obesity and Anti-Inflammatory Potentiality of Conjugated Fatty Acid Isolated from Marine Phasa Fish (Setipinna Phasa) Oil on In-Vivo and In-Vitro Model. Panchali, Titli Obesity is a major public health problem day by day due to unhealthy eating habit. The buildup of an excessive quantity of bodily fat is the complex condition known as obesity. It is a condition that develops when energy intake and expenditure are out of balance. Inflammation and hypertrophy are caused by storage of too much white adipose tissue resulting adiposity, which also secreted several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several marketed drugs of obesity management have many side effects for long time ingestion. Anchovy, Gangetic Hairfin despite being a fresh water fish and going by the name “Phasa,” (Setipinna phasa), is thought to be able to tolerate some saline in the water. Basically, it can be found in Orissa’s River and estuaries as well as the Ganges system. The fish is easily available, low cost, and popular in West Bengal and Orissa. Considering this, it is aimed to establish the anti-obesity effect of marine Phasa fish (Setipinna phasa) oil against obese model. For the establishment of this research, Extraction, Isolation of Setipinna phasa fish oil were done by FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Extraction) procedure and characterization of fish oil extracted from Setipinna phasa with a gas chromatography mass spectrometer and to check the edibility of fish oil physicochemical characteristics were done. Establishment of anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effect of fatty acid isolated from marine Setipinna phasa fish oil on in-vitro model. Here I have chosen 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line for this study. I have treated the cell with 11,14,17-ITA. Investigation of the anti-obesity and anti- inflammatory effect of marine Setipinna phasa fish oil on high fat diet induced in-vivo model: selection of most effective dose of Setipinna phasa fish oil. For the investigation of the anti- obesity and anti-inflammatory effect of marine Setipinna phasa fish oil on high fat diet induced in-vivo model: A time dependent study of Setipinna phasa fish oil to select most effective duration. Establishment the mechanism of anti-obesity effect of isolated fatty acid through transcriptional and translational alteration: a dose dependent study of 11,14,17-ITA were done in male albino mice. By using GC-MS, several fatty acids were characterized from Setipinna phasa oil like EPA, DHA, methyl linolenate, hexadec-9-enoic acid, and octadec- 11-enoic acid. A GC-MS investigation investigated the existence of fatty acids that are good for human health as well as obesity and for evaluation the anti-obesity effect different parameters would be considered as Body weight, total lipid profile and different obesity and obesity associated inflammatory markers. The Physicochemical characteristics of Phasa fish oil revealed that oil quality was good. Application of Phasa fish oil on high fat diet induced obese mice significantly reduced body weight, serum lipid profile compared to obese group. Several adipocytokines are downregulated and upregulated which indicated the potentiality of this oil and essential fatty acid. From this study it was also demonstrated that the pathway of the fatty acid and marine fish oil exactly worked as anti-obesity. It is much conspicuous that Phasa fish oil, enriched with essential fatty acid might be used as an anti-obese and anti-inflammatory supplement. 2026-03-24T00:00:00Z https://mcc-idr.l2c2academy.co.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/891 Synthesis of Novel Bioactive Azocoumarin Derivatives: Cytotoxicity, DNA Binding, BSA Binding Study, and their in Silico Analysis. Karan, Putul The design and synthesis of novel azo-coumarin derivatives represent a promising area of research in medicinal chemistry due to their potential pharmacological activities. In this study, a series of novel azo-coumarin derivatives such as 6-[3-pyridyl]azocoumarin, 6-[Phenylazo]coumarin, 6-[2-Chlorophenylazo]coumarin, 6-[3-Chlorophenylazo]coumarin, and 6-[4-Chlorophenylazo]coumarin were synthesized using diazo-coupling reaction. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized using FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry, and biological studies were carried out. The structures of the synthesized compounds were optimized using DFT calculation and the frontier molecular orbital calculations reveal that synthesized compounds were more biologically and chemically active than coumarin. The cytotoxicity of these derivatives was evaluated against human cancer cell lines LN-229 and the IC50 values were evaluated and it was found that 6-[4-Chlorophenylazo]coumarin was most effective. The interaction of these derivatives with CT-DNA was investigated using UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds bound at the minor groove of CT-DNA and the binding constant values showed the order of the binding affinities was 6-[4-Chlorophenylazo]coumarin > 6-[2-pyridyl]azocoumarin > 6-[3-Chlorophenylazo]coumarin > 6-[Phenylazo]coumarin > 6-[3-pyridyl]azocoumarin > coumarin and all the compounds bound with CT-DNA through minor groove. The BSA binding study of the synthesized compounds was also carried out using UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy which showed the same binding order of the compounds observed with the DNA binding study. In silico analysis supported all the experimental outcomes regarding CT-DNA and BSA binding. 2026-03-24T00:00:00Z https://mcc-idr.l2c2academy.co.in/xmlui/handle/123456789/890 Study of Temporal and Spectral Properties of X-ray Pulsars. Mandal, Manoj The accreting X-ray pulsars are binary systems that have an optical counterpart and a revolving, highly magnetized neutron star. The expelled plasma from the companion star accretes onto the compact object, resulting in pulsed X-ray emission. These sources are thought of as the only astrophysical laboratories capable of probing the properties of matter in extreme conditions, including strong magnetic fields (1012 G), high pressure, and extreme density. Considerable progress has been made in understanding these objects, both in terms of their constituent binary components and the features of their X-ray emission. However, further research is required to address many unresolved aspects, both theoretically and through observation. Some of the significant open aspects are the emission mechanism, the accretion structure’s geometry and beaming pattern, and the impact of the optical counterpart on the measured X-ray properties. Matter accreted from the optical companion interacts with the high magnetic field of the neutron star during the accretion process, following field lines to hot magnetic poles located beyond the magnetospheric radius. It is thought that an accretion column, a structure resembling a column, will develop on top of a neutron star that is home to multiple intricate processes responsible for X-ray emissions. This work presents the observational study of these processes for several X-ray pulsars driven by accretion. The luminosity and energy dependence of pulse profiles are used to study the beam function or geometry of the emission zone. Through pulse profile studies, the impact of the surrounding medium on the radiation released is also investigated. Comprehensive broadband spectroscopy of pulsars can yield valuable insights into the physical mechanisms driving radiation emission, as well as the distinctive characteristics of the matter distribution in the high-mass companion star’s accretion column, accretion stream, accretion disk, photosphere, and stellar wind. The pulsar spectra can only be explained by a few more spectral components in addition to the continuum spectra. In addition, fluorescence emission lines were also observed from matter scattered about the neutron star. Pulsar spectra exhibit absorption lines, known as cyclotron lines, which are a crucial consequence of the interaction between the magnetic field and electrons. A more precise and direct measurement of the pulsars’ magnetic fields can be obtained by detecting these lines. A thermonuclear burst is used to probe the different fundamental properties of a neutron star. The unstable fuel burning on the neutron star’s surface during a thermonuclear burst is the main reason for the sudden increase in X-ray intensity. The surface emission is more than ten times higher than the persistent emission during a Type-I burst. It can be used to distinguish between surface emission and total emission, which can be helpful in accurately calculating the different characteristics of a neutron star. The gas that powers the X-ray burst is accreted via an accretion disk by a neutron star from a low-mass companion star. The low-mass binary companion’s materials accumulate on the stellar surfaces of the neutron stars. We have detected multiple thermonuclear X-ray bursts from the millisecond pulsar MAXI J1816–195. The detailed timing and spectral properties are studied during the burst. Different fundamental parameters, such as the apparent emitting area, source distance, burst fluence, and mass accretion rate, are also estimated from the spectral study. One of the main objectives is to understand the mechanism of such types of thermonuclear flashes. Using space-based observatories like NICER, Swift, and NuSTAR, timing and spectral studies have been carried out in this work of several X-ray pulsars such as 1A 0535+262, RX J0440.9+4431, MAXI J1816–195, 2S 1417–624, and 2S 1553–542. The luminosity and energy dependence of pulse profiles and pulse fraction were also investigated in Be/Xray binary pulsars to understand the accretion mechanism and beaming patterns. Above a certain luminosity (known as critical luminosity), the timing and spectral properties evolved significantly. The accretion mode, beaming patterns, and emission mechanism evolved significantly above this luminosity. Giant outbursts were reported for two X-ray pulsars, 1A 0535+262 and RX J0440.9+4431, which were used to probe neutron star properties at such a high luminosity, which was not observed earlier. A significant evolution of temporal and spectral properties is observed during the state transition. The critical luminosity is used to estimate the magnetic field for these supercritical X-ray pulsars. For the X-ray pulsar 1A 0535+262, a giant outburst of a record-high flux of 11 Crab was detected. The combined spectro-timing study indicated a state transition from the subcritical to supercritical accretion regime during the giant outburst. A significant evolution in spectral and temporal properties was observed during the giant outburst. The Cyclotron Resonant Scattering Feature (CRSF) originates from the resonant scattering of continuum photons with electrons, resulting in an absorption-like feature in the energy spectra. The cyclotron line energy can be used to directly measure the magnetic field of the neutron star. The CRSF was detected from 1A 0535+262 during the 2020 outburst, and the magnetic field was estimated using the cyclotron line energy. The variation of the cyclotron line is probed to identify the spectral state. A significant evolution of line energy with luminosity was observed, which may be linked to the transition state in X-ray pulsars. 2026-03-24T00:00:00Z